Testis Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing testis cancer often involves a series of steps that help determine the presence and extent of the disease. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and a positive prognosis.
Table of Contents
Physical Examination
The doctor will conduct a physical exam of the testicles, checking for lumps or swelling. The examination may include questions regarding symptoms, family history, and other risk factors. During the exam, the doctor may also examine the abdomen and lymph nodes to check for any signs of cancer spread.
Ultrasound
An ultrasound of the scrotum is the primary imaging tool used to determine whether a lump is likely to be cancerous. This painless procedure provides detailed images of the testicles and surrounding tissues. Ultrasound can help distinguish between solid masses, which are more likely to be cancerous, and fluid-filled cysts, which are typically benign.
Blood Tests
Blood tests are used to detect tumour markers, which are substances that may be elevated in the presence of testis cancer. Common tumour markers include:
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): Elevated levels of AFP can indicate the presence of non-seminoma testis cancer.
- Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-HCG): High levels of b-HCG are often associated with both seminoma and non-seminoma types of testis cancer.
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Elevated LDH levels may indicate the presence of testis cancer, particularly if the cancer has spread.
Imaging Tests
In addition to ultrasound, imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. These imaging tests provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body, helping doctors assess the extent of the disease.
Surgical Removal of a Testicle (Orchiectomy)
If a tumour is suspected, the entire testicle may be surgically removed to determine if it is cancerous. This procedure, called radical inguinal orchiectomy, is both a diagnostic and therapeutic step. The removed testicle is then analysed in a laboratory to confirm the type and stage of cancer.
Treatment
Treatment for testis cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Most cases of testis cancer are highly treatable, even at advanced stages. A multidisciplinary approach is often used, involving urologists, oncologists, and other specialists to provide the best possible care.
Surgery
- Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy: The standard treatment involves removing the affected testicle. This surgery may be all that’s needed if the cancer is caught early. The procedure is usually performed under general anaesthesia, and most patients can go home the same day.
- Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND): If cancer has spread, lymph nodes in the abdomen may also need to be removed. This surgery is more complex and may require a longer recovery period. RPLND is typically performed to prevent the spread of cancer and to remove any remaining cancerous tissue.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is often used to treat seminoma, a specific type of testis cancer. High-energy beams are used to kill any remaining cancer cells. This is typically done after surgery to lower the chance of recurrence. Radiation therapy is usually well-tolerated, but side effects may include fatigue, skin irritation, and temporary infertility.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is used when cancer has spread beyond the testicle or after surgery to reduce the chance of recurrence. Chemotherapy is effective for both seminoma and non-seminoma types of testis cancer. Common chemotherapy drugs include bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Side effects may include nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection.
Surveillance
In cases of early-stage testis cancer, surveillance may be an option. This involves closely monitoring the patient with regular exams, blood tests, and imaging, rather than immediate treatment. This approach is typically recommended for men with a low risk of recurrence. Surveillance requires a high level of commitment, as frequent follow-up appointments are necessary to detect any signs of cancer returning.
Preparing for Your Appointment
If you have signs or symptoms of testis cancer, consider preparing a list of questions before seeing your doctor, such as:
- What type of tests do I need?
- What are the treatment options available?
- Should I see a specialist?
- How might treatment affect my fertility?
- What are the potential side effects of treatment?
- How often will I need follow-up care after treatment?
Bringing a trusted friend or family member to your appointment can also be helpful, as they can provide support and help you remember important information discussed during the visit.
Coping and Support : Living with Testis Cancer
Emotional Support
Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, but support is available. Consider joining a support group or talking to a mental health professional. Support groups provide a sense of community and an opportunity to connect with others who have experienced similar challenges. HealthXY also offers counselling services to help patients and their families cope with the emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis.
Fertility Preservation
Testis cancer and its treatment can impact fertility. Men may choose to bank sperm before treatment to preserve future fertility options. Sperm banking is a simple and effective way to ensure that individuals have the opportunity to father children in the future. It is important to discuss fertility preservation with your healthcare provider before beginning treatment.
Lifestyle Adjustments
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can support recovery and overall well-being. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can help improve outcomes and quality of life during and after treatment.
HealthXY Support
HealthXY provides comprehensive care for individuals diagnosed with testis cancer. Our multidisciplinary team includes oncologists, urologists, and supportive care professionals to offer tailored treatment and emotional support throughout your journey. We are committed to providing compassionate care and the latest advancements in treatment to ensure the best possible outcomes for our patients.
We work in facilities equipped with state-of-the-art technology for diagnosis and treatment, and our team works closely with each patient to develop a personalised care plan.
Whether you need medical treatment, emotional support, or assistance with fertility preservation, HealthXY is here to guide you every step of the way.
Get in Touch
Get in touch with us today! Our dedicated team is here to assist you with any questions or concerns you may have. We encourage you to reach out to us via email, phone, or by filling out our convenient online form. Your inquiries are important to us, and we look forward to providing you with the support you need.
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